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国内首款华南型黄瓜育种芯片落地青岛","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.farmer.com.cn\u002F2026\u002F10\u002F20\u002F991031341.html","青岛市农科院联合山东极智生物科技发布华南型黄瓜专用5K液相育种芯片V1.0，是国内首款针对华南型黄瓜遗传背景设计的专用育种芯片，筛选5300多个核心位点（含78个功能前景位点），整体检出率97.57%。依托40份核心种质资源全基因组重测序构建，芯片把瓜类回交转育周期从5至6代约三年缩短到2至3代、一年半，育种周期整体有望缩短一半。这是国产分子工具替代外来方案、支撑种业自主可控的关键一步，也说明AI与基因数据结合正在把传统育种推向精准化。","在青岛市农科院的大棚里，黄瓜幼苗绿意正浓。科研人员弯下腰，用镊子轻轻夹起一片嫩叶，剪下零点几克，送进实验室。别小看这片叶子，它很快就能换来一份黄瓜的“基因体检报告”。\n\n日前，在青岛市华南型黄瓜育种技术创新与产业发展研讨会暨专用育种芯片推介会上，由青岛市农科院联合山东极智生物科技有限公司研发的华南型黄瓜专用5K液相育种芯片V1.0正式发布。这是国内首款针对华南型黄瓜遗传背景设计的专用育种芯片，标志着我国华南型黄瓜生物育种在自主可控的国产化工具上迈出关键一步。\n\n“育种芯片，其实就是一把给黄瓜做体检的尺子。”青岛市农科院蔬菜研究所副研究员、黄瓜课题负责人张功臣介绍，这款芯片针对华南型黄瓜量身设计，“5K”代表5000多个位点，实际筛选了5300多个核心位点，液相芯片相当于把多把“分子尺子”集成在一起。只需取零点几克叶片提取DNA，就能判断材料是否抗病、品质如何、有没有刺瘤、带不带苦味——尤其苦味，可以在早期直接筛掉，种到田里的都是目标材料。\n\n省下的时间，账算得清楚。过去传统育种要把大量材料种进大棚，1万份材料需要很多地，从播种到长成耗时漫长；如今在实验室短时间内即可完成成千上万份材料的检测，精筛后再下田。张功臣以瓜类回交转育为例：过去完成一个回交转育过程需要5至6代、约三年，芯片辅助背景选择后只需2至3代，缩短到一年至一年半，育种周期有望整体缩短一半。\n\n为何要专门为华南型黄瓜研发芯片？张功臣解释，青岛拥有特色华南型黄瓜种质资源，本地产业在国内占比高、地位重要，聚集了不少育种企业，青岛特色蔬菜“鲁黄瓜3号”正是其中代表。然而华南型黄瓜育种长期依赖表型经验选择，周期长、效率低；现有高通量分子检测工具多依赖外来技术方案，成本高、部分标记位点与华南型遗传背景适配度不足。加之市场对品质、营养的要求越来越高，传统杂交育种育成一个品种往往需要5至8年，把现代生物育种与传统育种相结合，成为必然选择。\n\n芯片的“硬核”，藏在一组数据里。研发依托40份遗传差异显著的华南型黄瓜核心种质资源，通过全基因组重测序结合生物信息学分析，筛选获得5373个高质量核心标记位点，其中含78个功能前景位点、5295个背景位点。经多批次材料实测，芯片整体检出率达97.57%，分型精准、稳定性优异，突破了传统分子标记通量低、靶向性差的技术瓶颈。\n\n与会专家指出，这款芯片填补了华南型黄瓜高通量分子检测工具的技术短板。依托产学研协同模式，科研成果转化为可落地的商业化技术服务，对保护黄瓜种质资源、提升我国华南型黄瓜育种自主创新能力具有重要现实意义。\n\n在种业企业看来，芯片的价值同样直接。山东极智生物科技有限公司育种事业部总监荆鑫介绍，芯片可通过材料检测判断遗传背景、亲缘关系，帮助育种单位评估产量、品质、抗性等潜力。相比部分高密度芯片，这款5K液相芯片既满足位点需求，检测速度更快、分析周期更短，成本也有望降低，更适合规模化育种应用。\n\n“芯片一定要被使用，才能发挥更大价值。”张功臣说。从实验室到田间，这把国产“分子尺子”正在加速落地，为“以国产芯育中国种”注入新动能，也让黄瓜品种更快更新迭代，端上百姓餐桌。","农民日报 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